نشریه مرمت و معماری ایران
پیاپی 29 (بهار 1401)

Different sensory stimuli, such as light, color, smell, sound and texture, play an important role in perceiving the quality of an environment. Heat, like other sensory stimuli, can contribute to the richness of an environment and provide a greater benefit to people. The fact that a person in addition to the thermal comfort of a particular environment can also benefit from its thermal quality, is a desirable point that can be considered by designers and architects.The idea, called "thermal pleasure", aims to make people percept the thermal quality in addition to its quantity, which has a numerical aspect. This issue can provide a basis for changing the study of thermal comfort in the field of architecture. Along with different complementary theories that try to understand thermal comfort more accurately, the concept of thermal pleasure has a qualitative look at it, considering the living environment. Since the discussion of the factors and relationships that shape thermal pleasure in the built environment has not been studied so far, it is necessary to extract these factors based on lived and real human experiences and determine the relationships between them. This study uses grounded theory, as a qualitative method, to provide a theoretical framework for the formation of thermal pleasure in the built environment. The findings of this study show that from the cooperation between thermal distinction and the messages received from the environment and the thermal resource, other factors that activate thermal pleasure are manifested from four aspects: physiological, psychological, behavioral and value. Nevertheless, according to the economic and socio-cultural and spatial context, the type of peoplechr('39')s perception of thermal quality also differs. The theoretical framework presented in this research helps to provide a stronger basis for designing future research as well as data collection following the study of thermal quality in the built environment.

The construction and placement of tombs on either side of an inner or outer city street, and with it, the formation of decorated facades on both sides of a path, was common during the reign of the Timurids. Early in this era, Timur built a complex inside the shahr-i sabz, which consisted of a street on either side of which the Timurid courtiers built tombs for themselves and formed the body around the street with an orderly line of tomb buildings. At the end of the street was the great building of the Dar al-Siyadeh school, which was the burial place of two of Timurchr('39')s sons. The next similar sample was formed in Samarkand. This cemetery, known as Shah-i zindah, was built on top of the ancient hills of Afrasiab. Like the Dar al-Siyadeh, in this complex, the arrangement of tombs on both sides of passage was formed the main axis of the complex. These tombs, which belonged to the princes and nobles of Timurid, were located on both sides of the road and sometimes in front of each other, thus formed a Mazar-street with a designed facade. Among the Mazar-street complexes in the Timurid era, Khiaban-e Herat Mazar-Street had a special place in terms of importance and breadth. The Khiaban in the city of Herat was originally the name of an area in the north of the city where many graves were gradually established over the years on both sides of the path that passed through it. During the Timurid period, the construction of buildings on both sides of this street flourished so much that at the end of this era, this street can be compared in terms of the establishment of religious buildings and tombs on both sides with the Dar al-Siyadeh and Shah-i Zendah complexes. This article seeks to study the gradual formation of buildings on the main axis of Herat Mazar-Street by the end of the Timurid period by reviewing historical books, archaeological reports, and other researches done about Herat Mazar-Street. Then, by specifying the structural features of this axis, compare it with other Mazar-Street axes in the Timurid era, and then explain the characteristic features of the Mazar-street complexes in the Timurid era. The results of this study show that at the end of the Timurid era, the cemetery of Khiaban-e Herat changed from a cemetery in the northern outskirts of the city to the most important religious axis of Herat and Khorasan region, and different buildings were built on both sides of it. This Mazar-street, similar to other Mazar-streets of the Timurid era, included an arranged row of tombs that Led at the end of the road to an important religious building.

Urban vitality is a new term in the specialized literature of urban planning. Despite numerous definitions of vitality by experts, These definitions are defined according to different aspects of vitality, equivalent to the socio-cultural characteristics of other countries. But vitality existed in cities before it became known in the urban literature and had different definitions in each culture. If the world literature of vitality is studied without knowing its historical background in Iran, There is a danger that in order to create urban vitality, some indigenous and historical values ​​of Iranian vitality will be forgotten. In addition, the historical contexts that are an integral part of the city and have limited intervention, In order to create urban vitality, these zones will  be separated from the integrity of the city and The further decline of vitality leads to its further abandonment and stagnation. This study defines the indigenous criteria for creating urban vitality. Therefore, by choosing the city of Isfahan as one of the most historic cities in Iran, vitality in its historical past is explored. Then this question is answered what was the definition of the term of urban vitality in the historical past of Isfahan? What are the definitions of indigenous and non-specialist people of this term? And Which places in Isfahan do they think are lively? In this regard, two methods of analytical-historical research and survey research have been used. The results show that there was vitality in the historical past of Isfahan and All the criteria of world vitality in the historical past of Isfahan have had indigenous examples. The definition of vitality of the native people of Isfahan is in accordance with its world literature, But its shape and weight are different, In such a way that some criteria of vitality in Isfahan are emphasized more than others And global criteria in this city are not valued equally. Naghsh Jahan Square was recognized as the most lively urban space both in the historical past of Isfahan and now from the point of view of the native people of this city.

"Spiritual Sense of Place" is a special experience which results from being in sacred spaces. Many researches have been done on the relationship between "Architecture" and "Spiritual Concepts"; but only few have put spiritual experiences of being in architectural spaces as their concern. Behavioral psychology is a good platform for examining spiritual feeling of the environment by focusing on the reaction of audience as response and architectural spaces as stimulus. This article has studied the characteristics of "Spiritual Feeling of the Place" in literature review afterwards its effective architectural factors has been classified via factor analysis. The reliability of the questionnaire has been measured by Cronbach's alpha method. In order to determine the sample size, through easy or accessible method, 320 pilgrims of the holy shrine of Razavi were selected in year 2019. Findings show factors affecting the spiritual feeling of the place include five categories which are Functional factors(Scale and dimensional proportions, Respect for dignity and performance, Quiet place with no attraction, Temporary standing space, Large courtyards, Ancillary facilities and proximity of Cultural Spaces), Physical factors(The grandeur of the tomb, the inner glory of the tomb, the gradual horizontal change of importance, the gradual change from simple to complex in the vertical and horizontal direction, the monumentalizing of the tomb element), Factors of the idea(Entrance Arrangements, hierarchical arrangement of space, iconography, alignment,  movement in the direction of meaning, ambiguity in the sequence of space, the specificity of lighting and the position of light elements), Integrating factors(relative similarity of consecutive spaces, Unity of form, convergence of forms and decorations) and Technological factors(temporary roofing of the courtyard, amazing lighting systems and regulation of environmental comfort conditions) which have been identified and categorized.

Todaychr('39')s, the need to belong is one of the substantial basic human needs, in which the location dimension of this comprehensive need reveals the relationship between humans and location. Interest in nature and its elements could significantly affect the userschr('39') relationship with built environments and their sense of belonging. In this regard, the natural urban elements have long been known as signs. Here, such urban signs, physically or mentally, via impressive quality and features, can play an outstanding role in providing a memorable image of urban places. The Madi that move from the southwest to the northeast of Isfahan has affected the texture and the surrounding area and the historical, physical, and social characteristics of the location where they passed. The interaction of two factors, namely humans and the environment, represents their active and passive effect. Humans give meaning to locations and act based on their environmentschr('39') cultural values ​​following them. paper seeks to answer two main questions as follows: 1- What factors can be categorized as the physical-environmental elements of the Madi that affect the sense of belonging? 2- What is the effect of the functional and perceptual factors, a concept derived from Madischr('39')s physical-environmental factors, on the sense of belonging? Meanwhile, the proposed hypotheses are as follows: Hypothesis 1: Readability, uniqueness, the sense of calm, comfort, coziness, and familiarity are some of the physical-environmental components affecting the sense of belonging of inhabitants. Hypothesis 2: There is a significant relationship between the functional and perceptual factors, a concept derived from the physical-environmental factors of the Madi, and the sense of belonging of inhabitants. The field study was implemented by collecting data from the neighborhoods adjacent to the Madi using a questionnaire and a survey method. The studychr('39')s statistical population was then considered to the inhabitants adjacent to Isfahan Madi using the regular random sampling with a sample size of 100 people. The data achieved from the questionnaire were then analyzed by SPSS software in two parts: descriptive and inferential statistics. After estimating the path analysis model, it is found that the factor burden of physical-environmental effect can affect first on functional factors (0.905) via components of self-sufficiency and enjoyment of the active location, and secondly on perceptual factors (0.746) via components of satisfaction, desire, honor, humanitarianism, and compatibility are effective. Furthermore, according to the obtained results, it can be concluded that there is a direct relationship between the beautiful nature resulting from the existence of the Madi and four components including readability, uniqueness, sense of calm and comfort, coziness and familiarity, and functional and perceptual factors, which affects the userschr('39') relationship with the environment as well as increases the sense of belonging to the neighboring inhabitants of the Madi.

Attachment to place is a summary of human perception of the physical, mental, and events of place. With this sense, space becomes a place with special sense and behavioral characteristics for humans. Among different spaces, open space with its functions, meanings and physical characteristics can play an important role in improving the quality of living spaces in todaychr('39')s cities. As a result, designerschr('39') attention to the effective factors in peoplechr('39')s attachment to open spaces in residential complexes can play an effective role in the livability of these spaces. Given the importance of attachment to space in improving the quality of the environment, this study, while examining the concept of attachment and its dimensions, by explaining the indicators of attachment to space to identify factors affecting the sense of attachment and measurement among experts in architecture and urban planning. In fact, the aim of the research is to provide a model of attachment to the place and to measure and analyze the factors affecting the degree of attachment to open residential spaces among specialists. The present article has a descriptive and analytical research method and library tools and questionnaires have been used to collect information and it is applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population consists of experts in the field of architecture, urban planning, educational sciences and psychology, and the samples were selected at random. Then, the indicators of the questionnaire were analyzed using the components that affect the sense of attachment. The collected questionnaires were analyzed in SPSS software environment. In this regard, the statistical test of T-sample and Friedman has been used. Based on this, 34 indicators have been measured in the form of 8 components. The summary of the research results shows that the component of sense of dependence, social support and strong emotional connection with place are the most important physical components affecting the feeling of attachment in the open space of the residential complex, respectively, and spaces without safety and darkness are the most important factors for non-attachment. They will be among the inhabitants.